Travel Vaccines
Diphtheria vaccine
Diphtheria is a bacterial infection affecting the upper respiratory tract and, in some cases, the skin. It spreads through close contact with infected individuals, with an incubation period of 2–5 days. If left untreated, a person can remain contagious for up to four weeks. In milder cases, individuals may carry the bacteria without showing symptoms, making asymptomatic carriers a potential source of transmission.
Signs & Symptoms
Diphtheria primarily affects the nose and throat, causing a thick grey or yellow membrane to form over the soft palate, tonsils, and throat. Swollen, tender lymph glands can lead to a characteristic “bull neck” appearance.
Symptoms include:
• Pharyngitis with fever
• Swollen lymph glands in the neck which protrude
• Headache
• Difficulty breathing
• Severe infection results in paralysis and cardiac failure
How do you catch Diphtheria
Diphtheria is highly contagious and spreads primarily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be transmitted by touching contaminated surfaces or, in rare cases, through contact with infected skin sores. Vaccination is the best protection, with routine childhood immunizations and booster shots recommended for lifelong immunity. Good hygiene, including handwashing and covering coughs and sneezes, helps reduce the risk of transmission.
How / Who is at risk from it
Anyone unvaccinated or without booster shots is at risk, but certain groups are more vulnerable:
• Unvaccinated individuals – Especially in areas with limited access to vaccines.
• Infants & children – Those who haven’t completed their vaccination series.
• Older adults – Immunity wanes over time without booster shots.
• People in low-resource areas – Limited healthcare access increases risk.
• Travelers – Visiting regions with outbreaks or low vaccination rates.
Staying up to date with vaccinations is key to protection and preventing the spread of diphtheria.
Symptoms
Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae . Symptoms can vary based on the site of infection and illness severity. Common symptoms include:
• Sore throat – Often the first sign, which can worsen quickly.
• Thick grayish membrane – A distinctive grayish-white membrane forms in the throat or on the tonsils, potentially obstructing the airway and making breathing difficult.
• Swollen neck glands – Lymph nodes in the neck may become enlarged and tender.
• Fever – Moderate to high fever, usually above 38°C (100.4°F).
• Weakness and fatigue – General tiredness and feeling unwell.
• Hoarseness and voice changes – Some individuals may experience changes in their voice.
Severe cases can lead to complications affecting the heart and nervous system, causing breathing problems, heart issues, paralysis, and even death. Immediate medical attention is vital if diphtheria is suspected.
Diphtheria is preventable through vaccination, with routine childhood immunization programs including the DTP or DTaP vaccine. Booster shots are recommended for adolescents and adults to maintain immunity.
